Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases that cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997

The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, is an international agreement aimed at combating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It sets targets and establishes control measures for countries to mitigate the effects of global warming. Here are some key control measures outlined in the Kyoto Protocol:

1. Emission Reduction Targets: The Kyoto Protocol sets specific emission reduction targets for developed countries, known as Annex I countries. These targets are binding, and countries are required to take measures to reduce their emissions to meet these targets.
2. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): The CDM allows developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries. This mechanism promotes sustainable development while helping developed countries fulfill their emission reduction commitments.
3. Joint Implementation (JI): Joint Implementation allows developed countries to collaborate on emission reduction projects with other developed countries. Through JI, countries can earn emission reduction units that can be used to meet their own targets.
4. Emission Trading: The Kyoto Protocol introduced a cap-and-trade system, allowing countries to trade emission allowances. This mechanism encourages countries to find cost-effective ways to reduce emissions and provides economic incentives for emission reductions.
5. National Action Plans: Countries are required to develop and implement national action plans, known as National Climate Change Programs, outlining their strategies and measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
6. Technology Transfer and Financial Support: The Kyoto Protocol emphasizes the need for technology transfer and financial support to help developing countries adopt cleaner technologies and implement mitigation measures.
7. Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification: The Protocol establishes a system for monitoring, reporting, and verifying greenhouse gas emissions to ensure transparency and accountability in emission reduction efforts.
8. Compliance Mechanism: The Kyoto Protocol includes a compliance mechanism to ensure that countries meet their emission reduction commitments. It provides procedures for reviewing and addressing non-compliance issues.

While the Kyoto Protocol has been a significant step in global climate change mitigation, it has undergone several updates and adjustments since its adoption. The control measures and commitments have evolved over time, with the Paris Agreement replacing the Kyoto Protocol as the primary international framework for addressing climate change. The Paris Agreement builds upon the Kyoto Protocol and aims to strengthen global efforts to limit global warming and enhance adaptation to its impacts.