- The river valley is narrow and from V-shaped.
- The gradient of the river valley is steep, hence rapids and cataracts.
- Erosion is more active that deposition.
- The river bed has depressions called pot-holes.
- Interlocking spurs are common.
- Deep valleys called gorges are common.
- The river has small volume of water and little load.
- Vertical erosion is more active than lateral erosion.