- The Invention of machines for extensive farming e.g seedling horse drawn plough, iron hoe.
- Discovery of fertilizers which led to high yields/ manure
- Discovery of pesticides and fungicides which facilitate control of crops Diseases.
- Improvement in transport especially the railway which facilitates transportation of bulky goods/ farm products and farm workers
- High demand for food by rapidly growing urban population.
- Demand for agricultural and industrial raw materials
- Development of new breads of crops as a result of research in agriculture
- The enclosure acts/ system pushed people out of the rural areas and created room for plantation agriculture.